Diet, lifestyle, and genetic risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a review from the Nurses’ Health Study, Nurses’ Health Study 2, and Health Professionals’ Follow-up Study (2024)

1. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. [accessed June 16, 2014];2013 Available at: httP://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Hu FB. Globalization of diabetes: the role of diet, lifestyle, and genes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(6):1249–1257. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]This comprehensive reviews examines global trends of type 2 diabetes and the roles of diet, lifestyle, and genetic factors as well as gene-environment interactions in the development of diabetes in the global context.

3. Schulze MB, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Processed meat intake and incidence of Type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women. Diabetologia. 2003;46:1465–1473. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Dam RM Van, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Dietary Fat and Meat Intake in Relation to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(3):417–424. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Fung TT, Schulze M, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Dietary Patterns, Meat Intake, and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women. Arch. Intern. Med. 2004;164:2235–2240. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Colditz GA, Martine P, Stampfer MJ, et al. Validation of Questionnaire Information on Risk Factors and Disease Outcomes in a Prospective Cohort Study of Women. Am J. Epidemiol. 1986;123(5):894–900. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Carey VJ, Walters EE, A CG, et al. Body Fat Distribution and Risk of Non-lnsulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus in Women. Am J. Epidemiol. 1997;145(7):614–619. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Chan JM, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Obesity, fat distribution, and weight gain as risk factors for clinical diabetes in men. Diabetes Care. 1994;17(9):961–969. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. Weight as a risk factor for clinical diabetes in women. Am J. Epidemiol. 1990;132(3):501–513. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rotnitzky A, Manson JE. Weight Gain as a Risk Factor for Clinical Diabetes Mellitus in Women. Ann. Intern. Med. 1995;122(7):481–486. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Koh-Banerjee P, Wang Y, Hu FB, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Rimm EB. Changes in Body Weight and Body Fat Distribution as Risk Factors for Clinical Diabetes in US Men. Am J. Epidemiol. 2004;159(12):1150–1159. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Mutsert R De, Sun Q, Willett WC, Hu FB, Dam RM Van. Overweight in Early Adulthood, Adult Weight Change, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Certain Cancers in Men: a Cohort Study. Am J. Epidemiol. 2014 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Field AE, Manson JE, Laird N, Williamson DF, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Weight Cycling and the Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes among Adult Women in the United States. Obes. Res. 2004;12(2):267–274. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Salmeron J, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Wing AL, Willett WC. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Diet Diabetes. 1997;277(6):472–477. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Schulze MB, Liu S, Rimm EB, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2004;80:348–356. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Halton TL, Liu S, Manson JE, Hu FB. Low-carbohydrate-diet score and risk of type 2 diabetes inwomen. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;87:339–346. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Willett W, Manson J, Liu S. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2002;76:274S–280S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Bhupathiraju SN, Tobias DK, Malik VS, et al. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from 3 large US cohorts and an updated meta-analysis. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2014 (C) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]This study examines the relationship between dietary glycemic index and glycemic load and risk of type 2 diabetes in the Nurses' Health Study, Nurses' Health Study 2, and Health Professionals' Study, with an updated meta-analysis on this topic. It provides robust evidence that higher dietary glycemic index and glycemic load is associated with a significantly elevated risk of developing diabetes.

19. Salmerón J, Hu FB, Manson JE, et al. Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2001;73:1019–1026. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Colditz A, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Willett WC, Speizer FE. Diet and risk of clinical diabetes in women. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 1992;55:1018–1023. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Tinker LF, Bonds DE, Margolis KE, et al. Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Risk of Treated Diabetes Mellitus in Postmenopausal Women. Arch. Intern. Med. 2008;168(14):1500–1511. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Risérus U, Willett WC, Hu FB. Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes. Prog. Lipid Res. 2009;48(1):44–51. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Anstassios GP, Sun Q, Manson JE, Dawnson-Hughes B, Hu FB. Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentration and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes C. 2010;33(9):2021–2023. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Anstassios GP, Dawson-Hughes B, Li T, et al. Vitamin D and Calcium Intake in Relation to Type 2 Diabetes in Women. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(3):650–656. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Lopez-Ridaura Ruy, Willett WC, Rimm EB, et al. Magnesium Intake and Risk of Type 2 in men and women. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(1):134–140. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Schulze MB, Schulz M, Heidemann C, Schienkiewitz A, Hoffmann K, Boeing H. Fiber and Magnesium Intake and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes. Archi. 2007;167:956–965. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Sun Qi, van Dam RM, Willett WC, Hu FB. Prospective Study of Zinc Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(4):629–634. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Park K, Rimm EB, Siscovick DS, et al. Toenail Selenium and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in U.S. Men and Women. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1544–1551. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Wedick NM, Pan A, Cassidy A, et al. Dietary flavonoid intakes and risk of type 2 diabetes in US men and women. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2012;95:925–933. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Bazzano LA, Li TY, Joshipura KJ, Hu FB. Intake of Fruit, Vegetables, and Fruit Juices and Risk of Diabetes in Women. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(7):1311–1317. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Carter P, Gray L, Troughton J, Khunti K, Davies M. Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence fof type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010;341:c4229. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Muraki I, Imamura F, Manson JE, et al. Fruit consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective longitudinal cohort studies. BMJ. 2013;347:f5001. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]This study provides important evidence that higher consumption of whole fruits is protective against type 2 diabetes, but regular consumption of fruit juices increases diabetes risk.

33. Cooper AJ, Forouhi NG, Ye Z, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and type 2 diabetes: EPIC-InterAct prospective study and meta-analysis. Eur J. Clin. Nutr. 2013;66(10):1082–1092. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Malik VS, Sun Q, Dam RM Van, et al. Adolescent dairy product consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged women. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2011;94:854–861. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Choi HK, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Rimm E, Hu FB. Dairy Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Men. Arch. Intern. Med. 2005;165:997–1003. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, et al. Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2011;94:1088–1096. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]This study showed that higher consumption of red meat, especially processed red meat such as hot dogs, sausages, and bacon is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, independent of body mass index and other diabetes risk factors.

37. Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Changes in Red Meat Consumption and Subsequent Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Three Cohorts of US Men and Women. J. Am. Med. Assoc. Intern. Med. 2013;173(14):1328–1335. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Jiang R, Ma J, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hu FB. Dietary iron intake and blood donations in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in men: a prospective cohort study. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2004;79:70–75. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Rajpathak S, Ma J, Manson J, Willett W, Hu FB. Iron Intake and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1370–1376. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Aune D, Ursin G, Veierød MB. Meat consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Diabetologia. 2009;52(11):2277–2287. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Fung TT, Hu FB, Pereira MA, et al. Whole-grain intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes : a prospective study in men. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2002;76:535–540. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Liu S, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. A Prospective Study of Whole-Grain Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in US Women. Am J. Public Health. 2000;90(9):1409–1415. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Munter JSL De, Hu FB, Spiegelman D, Franz M, Dam RM Van. Whole Grain, Bran, and Germ Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study and Systematic Review. PLoS Med. 2007;4(8):1385–1394. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Sun Q, Spiegelman D, van Dam RM, et al. White Rice, Brown Rice, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in US Men and Women. Arch. Intern. Med. 2010;170(11):961–970. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Hu EA, Pan A, Malik V, Sun Q. White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes : meta-analysis and systematic review. BMJ. 2012 Mar;344:e1454. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]This meta-analysis shows that higher consumption of white rice is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, especially among Asian populations in which white rice is a staple food.

46. Halton TL, Willett WC, Liu S, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Potato and french fry consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;83(5):284–290. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

47. Jiang R, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Liu S, Willett WC, Hu BF. Nut and Peanut Butter Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2002;288(20):2554–2560. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. Pan A, Sun Q, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Walnut Consumption Is Associated with Lower Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women. J. Nutr. 2013;143:512–518. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Koning L De, Fung TT, Liao X, et al. Low-carbohydrate diet scores and risk of type 2 diabetes in men. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2011;93:844–850. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

50. Schulze MB, Manson JE, Ludwig DS, et al. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages,Weight Gain, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in in Young and Middle-Aged Women. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2004;292(8):927–934. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. Pan A, Malik VS, Schulze MB, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Plain-water intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2012;95:1454–1460. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. Bhupathiraju SN, Pan A, Malik VS, et al. Caffeinated and caffeine-free beverages and risk of type 2 diabetes. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2013;97(2):155–166. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]This study shows that regular consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages regardless of caffeine content is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, whereas higher consumption of both caffeinated and de-caffeinated coffee is associated with a lower risk.

53. Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Despres J-P, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes. A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(11):2477–2483. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Dam RM Van, Willett WC, Manson JE, Hu FB. Coffee, Caffeine, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(2):398–403. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55. Salazar-Martinez E, Willett WC, Ascherio A, et al. Coffee consumption and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann. Intern. Med. 2004;140:1–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Bhupathiraju SN, Pan A, Manson JE, Willett WC, van Dam RM, Hu FB. Changes in coffee intake and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes: three large cohorts of US men and women. Diabetologia. 2014 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

57. Van Dam RM, Hu FB. Coffee Consumption A Systematic Review. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2005;294(1):97–104. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. Huxley R, Man C, Lee Y, et al. Coffee, Decaffeinated Coffee, and Tea Consumption in Relation to Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. A systematic review with Meta-analysis. Arch. Intern. Med. 2009;169(22):2053–2063. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

59. Ding M, Bhupathiraju SN, van Dam RM, Hu FB. Caffeinated and Decaffeinated Coffee Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and a Dose-Response Meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2014 Feb 37;:569–586. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]This updated meta-analysis demonstrates a dose-response relationship between increasing coffee consumption and lower risk of type 2 diabetes. Both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee contributes to the decreased risk of diabetes.

60. Conigrave KM, Hu BF, Camargo CA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Rimm EB. A Prospective Study of Drinking Patterns in Relation to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Men. Diabetes. 2001 Oct 50;:2390–2395. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of moderate alcohol drinking and risk of diabetes in women. Am J. Epidemiol. 1988;128(3):549–558. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

62. Rimm EB, Chan J, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Prospective study ofcigarette smoking, alcohol use, the risk of diabetes in men. BMJ. 1995;310:555–559. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

63. Joosten MM, Chiuve SE, Mukamal KJ, Hu FB, Hendriks HFJ, Rimm EB. Changes in Alcohol Consumption and Subsequent Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men. Diabtes. 2011 Jan 60;:74–79. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

64. Mekary RA, Rimm EB, Giovannucci E, et al. Joint association of glycemic load and alcohol intake with type 2 diabetes incidence in women. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2011;94:1525–1532. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

65. Baliunas DO, Taylor BJ, Irving H, et al. Alcohol as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(11):2123–2132. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

66. De Koning L, Chiuve SE, Fung TT, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Hu FB. Diet-Quality Scores and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1150–1156. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

67. Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N. Engl J. Med. 2001;345(11):790–797. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

68. Van Dam RM, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Dietary Patterns and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in U.S. Men. Ann. Intern. Med. 2002;136:201–209. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

69. Liese AD, Nichols M, Sun X, D’Agostino RD, Haffner SM. Adherence to the DASH Diet Is Inversely Associated With Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jun 32;:1434–1436. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

70. Salas-Salvado J, Bullo M, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, et al. Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes With the Mediterranean Diet. Dabetes Care. 2011;34(1):14–19. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

71. Salas-Salvado J, Bullo M, Estruch R, et al. Original Research Prevention of Diabetes With Mediterranean Diets. Annal. 2014;160:1–11. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72. Malik VS, Fung TT, van Dam RM, Rimm EB, Rosner B, Hu FB. Dietary Patterns During Adolescence and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-Aged Women. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:12–18. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

73. Schulze MB, Hoffmann K, Manson JE, et al. Dietary pattern, inflammation, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in women. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2005;82:675–684. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

74. Qi L, Hu FB. Dietary glycemic load, whole grains, and systemic inflammation in diabetes: the epidemiological evidence. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2007;18(1):3–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

75. Mekary RA, Giovannucci E, Cahill L, Willett WC, Dam RM Van, Hu FB. Eating patterns and type 2 diabetes risk in older women: breakfast consumption and eating frequency. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2013;98:436–443. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

76. Mekary RA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Dam RM Van, Hu FB. Eating patterns and type 2 diabetes risk in men: breakfast omission, eating frequency, and snacking 1 – 4. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2012;95:1182–1189. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

77. Ley SH, Hamdy O, Mohan V, Hu FB. Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies. Lancet. 2014;383:1999–2007. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]This comprehensive review examines the role of a multitude of dietary factors in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. It identifies research gaps and suggests future research directions and policy implications.

78. Grøntved A, Pan A, Mekary RA, et al. Muscle-Strengthening and Conditioning Activities and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Study in Two Cohorts of US Women. PLoS Med. 2014;11(1):e1001587. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]This study demonstrates an inverse association between muscle-strengthening and conditioning activities such as resistance training, yoga, stretching, and toning is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes in women. The combination of these activities and aerobic exercise is associated with the largest benefit.

79. Grøntved A, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Andersen LB, Hu FB. A Prospective Study of Weight Training and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Men. Arch. Intern. Med. 2014;172(17):1306–1312. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

80. Sigal RJ, Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, et al. Physical Activity and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women A Prospective Study. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1999;282(15):1433–1439. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

81. Hu FB, Li TY, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Manson JE. Television Watching and Other Sedentary Behaviors in Relation to Risk of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2014;289(14):1785–1791. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

82. Zhang L, Curhan GC, Hu FB, Rimm EB, Forman JP. Association between passive an active smoking and incident type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2011 Jan 34;:892–897. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

83. Rimm EB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. Cigarette Smoking and the Risk of Diabetes in Women. Am J. Public Health. 1993;83:211–214. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

84. Luo J, Rossouw J, Tong E, et al. Smoking cessation, weight gain, and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among postmenopausal women. Arch. Intern. Med. 2012;172(5):438–440. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

85. Pan A, Schernhammer ES, Sun Q, Hu FB. Rotating Night Shift Work and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Two Prospective Cohort Studies in Women. PLoS Med. 2011;8(12):e1001141. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

86. Al-delaimy WK, Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Snoring as a Risk Factor for Type II Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Study. Am J. Epidemiol. 2002;155(5):387–393. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

87. Ayas N, White D, Al-delaimy WK, et al. A prospective study of self-reported sleep duration and incident diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(2):380–384. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

88. McMullan CJ, Schernhammer ES, Rimm EB, Hu FB, Forman JP. Melatonin secretion and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2013;309(13):1388–1396. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

89. Rimm EB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. Oral contraceptive use and the risk of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in a large prospective study of women. Diabetologia. 1992;2(35):967–972. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

90. Taylor EN, Hu FB, Curhan GC. Antihypertensive Medications and the Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes METHODS. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(5):1065–1070. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

91. Pan A, Sun Q, Okereke OI, et al. Use of antidepressant medication and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three cohorts of US adults. Diabetologia. 2012;55:63–72. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

92. Pan A, Lucas M, Sun Q, et al. Bidirectional Association Between Depression and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women. Arch. Intern. Med. 2014;170(21):1884–1891. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

93. Farvid MS, Qui L, Kawachi I, Okereke OI, Kubzansky LD, Willett WC. Phobic anxiety symptom scores and incidence of type 2 diabetes in US men and women. Brain. Behav. Immun. 2014;36:176–182. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

94. Mandel EI, Curham GC, Hu BF, Salinardi T. Plasma bicarbonate and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. CMAJ. 2012;184(13):719–725. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

95. Sun Q, Wedick NM, Townsend MK, et al. Gut Microbiota Metabolites of Dietary Lignans and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Investigation in Two Cohorts of. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:1287–1295. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

96. Riet EV, Dekker JM, Sun Q, Nijpels G, Hu FB, van Dam RM. Role of Adiposity and Lifestyle in the Relationship Between Family History of Diabetes and 20-Year Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in US women. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(4):763–767. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

97. Shai I, Jiang R, Manson JE, et al. Ethnicity, Obesity, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(7):1585–1590. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

98. Zeggini E, Scott LJ, Saxena R, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association data and large-scale replication identifies additional susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet. 2009;40(5):638–645. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

99. Cornelis MC, Qi L, Zhang C, et al. Joint Effects of Common Genetic Variants on the Risk for Type 2 Diabetes in U.S. Men and Women of European Ancestry Marilyn. Ann. Intern. Med. 2009;150(8):541–550. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

100. Bao W, Hu FB, Rong S, et al. Systematic Reviews and Meta- and Pooled Analyses Predicting Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Genetic Risk Models on the Basis of Established Genome-wide Association Markers: A Systematic Review. Am J. Epidemiol. 2013;178(8):1197–1207. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]This systematic review shows that the cumulative genetic risk score does not provide additional prediction of type 2 diabetes beyond traditional diabetes risk factors.

101. Qi L, Cornelis MC, Zhang C, Dam RM Van, Hu FB. Genetic predisposition, Western dietary pattern, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in men. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2009;89:1453–1458. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

102. Cornelis MC, Qi L, Kraft P, Hu FB. TCF7L2, dietary carbohydrate, and risk of type 2 diabetes in US women. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2009;89(6):1256–1262. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

103. He M, Workalemahu T, Manson JE, Hu FB, Qi L. Genetic Determinants for Body Iron Store and Type 2 Diabetes Risk in US Men and Women. PLoS One. 2012;7(7) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

104. Pasquale LR, Loomis SJ, Aschard H, et al. Exploring genome-wide - dietary heme iron intake interactions and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Front. Genet. 2013 Jan 4;:1–6. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

105. Qi Q, Liang L, Doria A, Hu FB, Qi L. Genetic Predisposition to Dyslipidemia and Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Two Prospective Cohorts. Diabetes. 2012 Mar 61;:745–752. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

106. He Ma, Workalemahu T, Cornelis MC, Hu FB, Qi L. Genetic variants near the IRS1 gene, physical activity and type 2 diabetes in US men and women. Diabetologia. 2011;54(6):1579–1582. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

107. Li Y, Qi Q, Workalemahu T, Hu FB, Qi L. Birth weight, genetic susceptibility, and adulthood risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(12):2479–2484. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

108. Puett RC, Hart JE, Schwartz J, Hu FB, Liese AD, Laden F. Are Particulate Matter Exposures Associated with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes? Environ. Health Perspect. 2011;384(3):384–389. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

109. Sun Q, Cornelis MC, Townsend MK, et al. Association of urinary concentrations of Bisphenol A and Phtalate Metabolites with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Investiagrion in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and NHSII Cohorts. Environ. Health Perspect. 2014 Mar [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

110. Wu H, Bertrand KA, Choi AL, et al. Review Persistent Organic Pollutants and Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Analysis in the Nurses ’ Health Study and Meta-analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 2013;121(2):153–161. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

111. Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. Birthweight and the Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adult Women. Ann. Intern. Med. 1999;130:278–284. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

112. James-Todd TM, Karumanchi SA, Hibert EL, et al. Gestational Age, Infant Birth Weight, and Subsequent Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Mothers: Nurses ’ Health Study II. Prev. Chronic Dis. 2013;10(5):1–11. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

113. He C, Zhang C, Hunter DJ, et al. Age at Menarche and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results From 2 Large Prospective Cohort Studies. Am J. Epidemiol. 2010;171(3):334–344. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

114. Stuebe AM, Rich-Edwards JW, Willett WC, Manson JE, Michels KB. Duration of Lactation and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2005;294(20):2601–2610. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

115. Pan X-R, Li G-W, Hu Y-H, et al. Effects of Diet and Exercise in Preventing NIDDM in People with Impaired Glucose Tolerace. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(4):537–544. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

116. Li G, Zhang P, Wang J, et al. The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study. Lancet. 2008;371(9626):1783–1789. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

117. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson J, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with imparied glucose tolerance. N. Engl J. Med. 2001;344(18):1343–1350. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

118. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N. Engl J. Med. 2002;346(6):393–403. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Diet, lifestyle, and genetic risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a review from the Nurses’ Health Study, Nurses’ Health Study 2, and Health Professionals’ Follow-up Study (2024)
Top Articles
Latest Posts
Article information

Author: Arielle Torp

Last Updated:

Views: 5918

Rating: 4 / 5 (41 voted)

Reviews: 80% of readers found this page helpful

Author information

Name: Arielle Torp

Birthday: 1997-09-20

Address: 87313 Erdman Vista, North Dustinborough, WA 37563

Phone: +97216742823598

Job: Central Technology Officer

Hobby: Taekwondo, Macrame, Foreign language learning, Kite flying, Cooking, Skiing, Computer programming

Introduction: My name is Arielle Torp, I am a comfortable, kind, zealous, lovely, jolly, colorful, adventurous person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.