The Progression of Celiac Disease, Diagnostic Modalities, and Treatment Options (2024)

1. Schuppan D. Current concepts of celiac disease pathogenesis. Gastroenterology. 2000;119(1):234–242. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Kagnoff MF. Celiac disease. A gastrointestinal disease with environmental, genetic, and immunologic components. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1992;21(2):405–425. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Rubio-Tapia A, Ludvigsson JF, Brantner TL, Murray JA, Everhart JE. The prevalence of celiac disease in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(10):1538–1544; quiz 1537. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Choung RS, Larson SA, Khaleghi S, et al. Prevalence and morbidity of undiagnosed celiac disease from a community-based study. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(4):830–839. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Catassi C, Fabiani E, Rätsch IM, et al. The coeliac iceberg in Italy. A multicentre antigliadin antibodies screening for coeliac disease in school-age subjects. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1996;412:29–35. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Sher KS, Fraser RC, Wicks Mayberry JF. High risk of coeliac disease in Punjabis. Epidemiological study in the South Asian and European populations of Leicestershire. Digestion. 1993;54(3):178–182. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Mäki M, Mustalahti K, Kokkonen J, et al. Prevalence of Celiac disease among children in Finland. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(25):2517–2524. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Fasano A, Berti I, Gerarduzzi T, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not-at-risk groups in the United States: a large multicenter study. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(3):286–292. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Catassi C, Kryszak D, Louis-Jacques O, et al. Detection of Celiac disease in primary care: a multicenter case-finding study in North America. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(7):1454–1460. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Singh P, Arora S, Lal S, Strand TA, Makharia GK. Risk of celiac disease in the first- and second-degree relatives of patients with celiac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110(11):1539–1548. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Rubin JE, Crowe SE. Celiac disease. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(1):ITC1–ITC16. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Kagnoff MF. Celiac disease: pathogenesis of a model immunogenetic disease. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(1):41–49. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Fasano A, Catassi C. Clinical practice. Celiac Disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(25):2419–2426. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Oxentenko AS, Murray JA. Celiac disease: ten things that every gastroenterologist should know. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(8):1396–1404; quiz e127–e129. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Dominguez Castro P, Harkin G, Hussey M, et al. Changes in presentation of celiac disease in Ireland from the 1960s to 2015. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(6):864–871. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Ludvigsson JF, Leffler DA, Bai JC, et al. The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms. Gut. 2013;62(1):43–52. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Leonard MM, Sapone A, Catassi C, Fasano A. Celiac disease and nonceliac gluten sensitivity: a review. JAMA. 2017;318(7):647–656. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Marsh MN. Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine. A molecular and immunobiologic approach to the spectrum of gluten sensitivity (“celiac sprue”). Gastroenterology. 1992;102(1):330–354. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Corazza GR, Villanacci V, Zambelli C, et al. Comparison of the interobserver reproducibility with different histologic criteria used in celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5(7):838–843. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Oberhuber G, Granditsch G, Vogelsang H. The histopathology of coeliac disease: time for a standardized report scheme for pathologists. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;11(10):1185–1194. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Ghosh S. Advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of celiac disease. Can J Gastroenterol. 2011;25(4):186. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Shan L, Molberg Ø, Parrot I, et al. Structural basis for gluten intolerance in celiac sprue. Science. 2002;297(5590):2275–2279. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Matysiak-Budnik T, Moura IC, Arcos-Fajardo M, et al. Secretory IgA mediates retrotranscytosis of intact gliadin peptides via the transferrin receptor in celiac disease. J Exp Med. 2008;205(1):143–154. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Visser J, Rozing J, Sapone A, Lammers K, Fasano A. Tight junctions, intestinal permeability, and autoimmunity: celiac disease and type 1 diabetes paradigms. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1165:195–205. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Schumann M, Siegmund B, Schulzke JD, Fromm M. Celiac disease: role of the epithelial barrier. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;3(2):150–162. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Green PH, Cellier C. Celiac disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(17):1731–1743. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Abadie V, Jabri B. IL-15: a central regulator of celiac disease immunopathology. Immunol Rev. 2014;260(1):221–234. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Kuja-Halkola R, Lebwohl B, Halfvarson J, Wijmenga C, Magnusson PK, Ludvigsson JF. Heritability of non-HLA genetics in coeliac disease: a population-based study in 107 000 twins. Gut. 2016;65(11):1793–1798. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Karell K, Louka AS, Moodie SJ, et al. HLA types in celiac disease patients not carrying the DQA1*05-DQB1*02 (DQ2) heterodimer: results from the European Genetics Cluster on Celiac Disease. Hum Immunol. 2003;64(4):469–477. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Galipeau HJ, McCarville JL, Huebener S, et al. Intestinal microbiota modulates gluten-induced immunopathology in humanized mice. Am J Pathol. 2015;185(11):2969–2982. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Nistal E, Caminero A, Herrán AR, et al. Study of duodenal bacterial communities by 16S rRNA gene analysis in adults with active celiac disease vs non-celiac disease controls. J Appl Microbiol. 2016;120(6):1691–1700. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Nadal I, Donant E, Ribes-Koninckx C, Calabuig M, Sanz Y. Imbalance in the composition of the duodenal microbiota of children with coeliac disease. J Med Microbiol. 2007;56(pt. 12):1669–1674. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Nistal E, Caminero A, Vivas S, et al. Differences in faecal bacteria populations and faecal bacteria metabolism in healthy adults and celiac disease patients. Biochimie. 2012;94(8):1724–1729. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Verdu EF, Galipeau HJ, Jabri B. Novel players in coeliac disease pathogenesis: role of the gut microbiota. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;12(9):497–506. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Welander A, Tjernberg AR, Montgomery SM, Ludvigsson J, Ludvigsson JF. Infectious disease and risk of later celiac disease in childhood. Pediatrics. 2010;125(3):e530–e536. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Vriezinga SL, Auricchio R, Bravi E, et al. Randomized feeding intervention in infants at high risk for celiac disease. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(14):1304–1315. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Aronsson CA, Lee HS, Koletzko S, et al. Effects of gluten intake on risk of celiac disease: a case-control study on a Swedish birth cohort. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(3):403–409. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Szajewska H, Shamir R, Mearin L, et al. Gluten introduction and the risk of coeliac disease: a position paper by the European society for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016;62(3):507–513. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Tack GJ, Verbeek WH, Schreurs MW, Mulder CJ. The spectrum of celiac disease: epidemiology, clinical aspects and treatment. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;7(4):204–213. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Taylor AK, Lebwohl B, Snyder CL, et al. Celiac disease. In: GeneReviews®. Seattle: University of Washington; 1993. –2021. [Google Scholar]

41. Schøsler L, Christensen LA, Hvas CL. Symptoms and findings in adult-onset celiac disease in a historical Danish patient cohort. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2016;51(3):288–294. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Fasano A. Celiac disease—how to handle a clinical chameleon. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(25):2568–2570. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Vivas S, Ruiz de, Morales JM, Fernandez M, et al. Age-related clinical, serological, and histopathological features of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(9):2360–2365. quiz 2366. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Reilly NR, Aguilar K, Hassid BG, et al. Celiac disease in normal-weight and overweight children: clinical features and growth outcomes following a gluten-free diet. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011;53(5):528–531. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Volta U, Caio G, Stanghellini V, De Giorgio R. The changing clinical profile of celiac disease: a 15-year experience (1998-2012) in an Italian referral center. BMC Gastroenterol. 2014;14:194. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Caio G, Volta U, Sapone A, et al. Celiac disease: a comprehensive current review. BMC Med. 2019;17(1):142. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

47. Murray JA, Watson T, Clearman B, Mitros F. Effect of a gluten-free diet on gastrointestinal symptoms in celiac disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(4):669–673. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. Jamma S, Rubio-Tapia A, Kelly CP, et al. Celiac crisis is a rare but serious complication of celiac disease in adults. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8(7):587–590. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Ramakrishna BS, Makharia GK, Chetri K, et al. Prevalence of adult celiac disease in India: regional variations and associations. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(1):115–123. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

50. Kamycheva E, Goto T, Camargo CA, Jr. Celiac disease is associated with reduced bone mineral density and increased FRAX scores in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(3):781–790. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. Vasquez H, Mazure R, Gonzalez D, et al. Risk of fractures in celiac disease patients: a cross-sectional, case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(1):183–189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. Jafri MR, Nordstrom CW, Murray JA, et al. Long-term fracture risk in patients with celiac disease: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(4):964–971. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53. Baydoun A, Maakaron JE, Halawi H, Abou Rahal J, Taher AT. Hematological manifestations of celiac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012;47(12):1401–1411. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Ackerman Z, Eliakim R, Stalnikowicz R, Rachmilewitz D. Role of small bowel biopsy in the endoscopic evaluation of adults with iron deficiency anemia. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91(10):2099–2102. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55. Sander HW, Magda P, Chin RL, et al. Cerebellar ataxia and coeliac disease. Lancet. 2003;362(9395):1548. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Bushara KO. Neurologic presentation of celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(4suppl 1):S92–S97. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

57. Caio G, De Giorgio R, Venturi A, et al. Clinical and immunological relevance of anti-neuronal antibodies in celiac disease with neurological manifestations. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2015;8(2):146–152. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. Saccone G, Berghella V, Sarno L, et al. Celiac disease and obstetric complications: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(2):225–234. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

59. Farthing MJ, Edwards CR, Rees LH, Dawson AM. Male gonadal function in coeliac disease: 1. Sexual dysfunction, infertility, and sem*n quality. Gut. 1982;23(7):608–614. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

60. Soni S, Badawy SZ. Celiac disease and its effect on human reproduction: a review. J Reprod Med. 2010;55(1-2):3–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. Tata LJ, Card TR, Logan RF, Hubbard RB, Smith CJ, West J. Fertility and pregnancy-related events in women with celiac disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(4):849–855. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

62. Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, et al. Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms. Hum Reprod Update. 2014;20(4):582–593. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

63. Ludvigsson JF, Montgomery SM, Ekbom A. Celiac disease and risk of adverse fetal outcome: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2005;129(2):454–463. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

64. Castillo NE, Vanga RR, Theethira TG, et al. Prevalence of abnormal liver function tests in celiac disease and the effect of a gluten-free diet in the US population. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110(8):1216–1222. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

65. Rubio-Tapia A, Murray JA. The liver in celiac disease. Hepatology. 2007;46(5):1650–1658. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

66. Di Sabatino A, Rosado MM, Cazzola P, et al. Splenic hypofunction and the spectrum of autoimmune and malignant complications in celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(2):179–186. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

67. Zone JJ. Skin manifestations of celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(4suppl 1):S87–S91. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

68. Collin P, Reunala T, Rasmussen M, et al. High incidence and prevalence of adult coeliac disease. Augmented diagnostic approach. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997;32(11):1129–1133. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

69. Nieri M, Tofani E, Defraia E, Giuntini V, Franchi L. Enamel defects and aphthous stomatitis in celiac and healthy subjects: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies. J Dent. 2017;65:1–10. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

70. Souto-Souza D, da Consolação Soares ME, Rezende VS, de Lacerda Dantas PC, Galvão EL, Falci SGM. Association between developmental defects of enamel and celiac disease: a meta-analysis. Arch Oral Biol. 2018;87:180–190. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

71. Kumar S, Gress F, Green PH, Lebwohl B. Chronic pancreatitis is a common finding in celiac patients who undergo endoscopic ultrasound. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2019;53(3):e128–e129. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72. Volta U, Granito A, Fiorini E, et al. Usefulness of antibodies to deamidated gliadin peptides in celiac disease diagnosis and follow-up. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(6):1582–1588. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

73. Volta U, Molinaro N, de Franceschi L, Fratangelo D, Bianchi FB. IgA anti-endomysial antibodies on human umbilical cord tissue for celiac disease screening. Save both money and monkeys. Dig Dis Sci. 1995;40(9):1902–1905. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

74. Stern M. Comparative evaluation of serologic tests for celiac disease: a European initiative toward standardization. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;31(5):513–519. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

75. Rubio-Tapia A, Hill ID, Kelly CP, Calderwood AH, Murray JA, American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(5):656–676; quiz 677. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

76. Schyum AC, Rumessen JJ. Serological testing for celiac disease in adults. United European Gastroenterol J. 2013;1(5):319–325. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

77. Zucchini L, Giusti D, Gatouillat G, et al. Interpretation of serological tests in the diagnosis of celiac disease: anti-deamidated gliadin peptide antibodies revisited. Autoimmunity. 2016;49(6):414–420. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

78. Amarri S, Alvisi P, De Giorgio R, et al. Antibodies to deamidated gliadin peptides: an accurate predictor of coeliac disease in infancy. J Clin Immunol. 2013;33(5):1027–1030. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

79. Ludvigsson JF, Bai JC, Biagi F, et al. Diagnosis and management of adult coeliac disease: guidelines from the British Society of Gastroenterology. Gut. 2014;63(8):1210–1228. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

80. Caio G, Volta U. Coeliac disease: changing diagnostic criteria. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2012;5(3):119–122. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

81. Catassi C, Fasano A. Celiac disease diagnosis: simple rules are better than complicated algorithms. Am J Med. 2010;123(8):691–693. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

82. Bai JC, Ciacci C. World gastroenterology organisation global guidelines: celiac disease February 2017. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2017;51(9):755–768. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

83. Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. Screening for celiac disease: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2017;317(12):1252–1257. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

84. Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabó IR, et al. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;54(1):136–160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

85. Egner W, Shrimpton A, Sargur R, Patel D, Swallow K. ESPGHAN guidance on coeliac disease 2012: multiples of ULN for decision making do not harmonise assay performance across centres. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;55(6):733–735. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

86. Barada K, Habib RH, Malli A, et al. Prediction of celiac disease at endoscopy. Endoscopy. 2014;46(2):110–119. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

87. Lebwohl B, Kapel RC, Neugut AI, Green PH, Genta RM. Adherence to biopsy guidelines increases celiac disease diagnosis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;74(1):103–109. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

88. Adelman DC, Murray J, Wu TT, Mäki M, Green PH, Kelly CP. Measuring change in small intestinal histology in patients with celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113(3):339–347. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

89. Castillo NE, Theethira TG, Leffler DA. The present and the future in the diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2015;3(1):3–11. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

90. Leffler D, Schuppan D, Pallav K, et al. Kinetics of the histological, serological and symptomatic responses to gluten challenge in adults with coeliac disease. Gut. 2013;62(7):996–1004. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

91. Kowalski K, Mulak A, Jasińska M, Paradowski L. Diagnostic challenges in celiac disease. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2017;26(4):729–737. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

92. Ierardi E, Losurdo G, Piscitelli Giorgio F, et al. Seronegative celiac disease: where is the specific setting. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2015;8(2):110–116. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

93. Salmi TT, Collin P, Korponay-Szabó IR, et al. Endomysial antibody-negative coeliac disease: clinical characteristics and intestinal autoantibody deposits. Gut. 2006;55(12):1746–1753. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

94. Hill ID, Fasano A, Guandalini S, et al. NASPGHAN clinical report on the diagnosis and treatment of gluten-related disorders. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016;63(1):156–165. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

95. Kostopoulou O, Devereaux-Walsh C, Delaney BC. Missing celiac disease in family medicine: the importance of hypothesis generation. Med Decis Making. 2009;29(3):282–290. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

96. Zanchetta MB, Longobardi V, Bai JC. Bone and celiac disease. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2016;14(2):43–48. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

97. Volta U, De Franceschi L, Lari F, Molinaro N, Zoli M, Bianchi FB. Coeliac disease hidden by cryptogenic hypertransaminasaemia. Lancet. 1998;352(9121):26–29. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

98. See JA, Kaukinen K, Makharia GK, Gibson PR, Murray JA. Practical insights into gluten-free diets. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;12(10):580–591. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

99. See J, Murray JA. Gluten-free diet: the medical and nutrition management of celiac disease. Nutr Clin Pract. 2006;21(1):1–15. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

100. Moreno ML, Cebolla A, Muñoz-Suano Á, Carrillo-Carrion C, et al. Detection of gluten immunogenic peptides in the urine of patients with coeliac disease reveals transgressions in the gluten-free diet and incomplete mucosal healing. Gut. 2017;66(2):250–257. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

101. West J, Logan RF, Card TR, Smith C, Hubbard R. Risk of vascular disease in adults with diagnosed coeliac disease: a population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20(1):73–79. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

102. Hallert C, Grant C, Grehn S, et al. Evidence of poor vitamin status in coeliac patients on a gluten-free diet for 10 years. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16(7):1333–1339. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

103. Lee AR, Ng DL, Zivin J, Green PHR. Economic burden of a gluten-free diet. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2007;20(5):423–430. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

104. Roos S, Kärner A, Hallert C. Psychological well-being of adult coeliac patients treated for 10 years. Dig Liver Dis. 2006;38(3):177–180. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

105. Bebb JR, Lawson A, Knight T, Long RG. Long-term follow-up of coeliac disease—what do coeliac patients want?Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23(6):827–831. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

106. England CY, Nicholls AM. Advice available on the Internet for people with coeliac disease: an evaluation of the quality of websites. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2004;17(6):547–559. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

107. Ludvigsson JF, Agreus L, Ciacci C, et al. Transition from childhood to adulthood in coeliac disease: the Prague consensus report. Gut. 2016;65(8):1242–1251. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

108. Mangione RA, Patel PN, Shin E, Fiebert J. Determining the gluten content of nonprescription drugs: information for patients with celiac disease. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003)2011;51(6):734–737. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

109. Leffler DA, Edwards-George J, Dennis M, et al. Factors that influence adherence to a gluten-free diet in adults with celiac disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(6):1573–1581. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

110. Rubio-Tapia A, Barton SH, Murray JA. Celiac disease and persistent symptoms. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9(1):13–17; quiz e8. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

111. Abdulkarim AS, Burgart LJ, See J, Murray JA. Etiology of nonresponsive celiac disease: results of a systematic approach. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(8):2016–2021. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

112. Rostami K, Kerckhaert J, Tiemessen R, von Blomberg BM, Meijer JW, Mulder CJ. Sensitivity of antiendomysium and antigliadin antibodies in untreated celiac disease: disappointing in clinical practice. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94(4):888–894. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

113. Leffler DA, Dennis M, Hyett B, Kelly E, Schuppan D, Kelly CP. Etiologies and predictors of diagnosis in nonresponsive celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5(4):445–450. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

114. Stasi E, Marafini I, Caruso R, et al. Frequency and cause of persistent symptoms in celiac disease patients on a long-term gluten-free diet. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2016;50(3):239–243. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

115. Rubio-Tapia A, Murray JA. Classification and management of refractory coeliac disease. Gut. 2010;59(4):547–557. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

116. Cellier C, Delabesse E, Helmer C, et al. Refractory sprue, coeliac disease, and enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. French Coeliac Disease Study Group. Lancet. 2000;356(9225):203–208. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

117. Malamut G, Afchain P, Verkarre V, et al. Presentation and long-term follow-up of refractory celiac disease: comparison of type I with type II. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(1):81–90. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

118. van Gils T, Nijeboer P, van Wanrooij RL, Bouma G, Mulder CJ. Mechanisms and management of refractory coeliac disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;12(10):572–579. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

119. Mukewar SS, Sharma A, Rubio-Tapia A, Wu TT, Jabri B, Murray JA. Open-capsule budesonide for refractory celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(6):959–967. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

120. Rubio-Tapia A, Kelly DG, Lahr Dogan A, Wu TT, Murray JA. Clinical staging and survival in refractory celiac disease: a single center experience. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(1):99–107; quiz 352. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

121. Rishi AR, Rubio-Tapia A, Murray JA. Refractory celiac disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;10(4):537–546. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

122. Aziz I, Evans KE, Papageorgiou V, Sanders DS. Are patients with coeliac disease seeking alternative therapies to a gluten-free diet. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2011;20(1):27–31. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

123. Leffler DA, Kelly CP, Green PH, et al. Larazotide acetate for persistent symptoms of celiac disease despite a gluten-free diet: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(7):1311–1319. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

124. Lähdeaho ML, Kaukinen K, Laurila K, et al. Glutenase ALV003 attenuates gluten-induced mucosal injury in patients with celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(7):1649–1658. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

125. Gottlieb K, Dawson J, Hussain F, Murray JA. Development of drugs for celiac disease: review of endpoints for Phase 2 and 3 trials. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2015;3(2):91–102. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

126. Ludvigsson JF, Ciacci C, Green PH, et al. Outcome measures in coeliac disease trials: the Tampere recommendations. Gut. 2018;67(8):1410–1424. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

127. Murray JA, Kelly CP, Green PHR, et al. No difference between latiglutenase and placebo in reducing villous atrophy or improving symptoms in patients with symptomatic celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(4):787–798. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

128. Truitt KE, Daveson AJM, Ee HC, et al. Randomised clinical trial: a placebo-controlled study of subcutaneous or intradermal NEXVAX2, an investigational immunomodulatory peptide therapy for coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;50(5):547–555. doi: 10.1111/apt.15435. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

129. Sugai E, Nachman F, Váquez H, et al. Dynamics of celiac disease-specific serology after initiation of a gluten-free diet and use in the assessment of compliance with treatment. Dig Liver Dis. 2010;42(5):352–358. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

130. Rubio-Tapia A, Rahim MW, See JA, Lahr BD, Wu TT, Murray JA. Mucosal recovery and mortality in adults with celiac disease after treatment with a gluten-free diet. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(6):1412–1420. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

131. Pietzak MM. Follow-up of patients with celiac disease: achieving compliance with treatment. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(4suppl 1):S135–S141. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

132. Meyer D, Stavropolous S, Diamond B, Shane E, Green PH. Osteoporosis in a North American adult population with celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(1):112–119. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

133. Duerksen D, Pinto-Sanchez MI, Anca A, et al. Management of bone health in patients with celiac disease: practical guide for clinicians. Can Fam Physician. 2018;64(6):433–438. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

The Progression of Celiac Disease, Diagnostic Modalities, and Treatment Options (2024)
Top Articles
Latest Posts
Article information

Author: Clemencia Bogisich Ret

Last Updated:

Views: 5651

Rating: 5 / 5 (60 voted)

Reviews: 83% of readers found this page helpful

Author information

Name: Clemencia Bogisich Ret

Birthday: 2001-07-17

Address: Suite 794 53887 Geri Spring, West Cristentown, KY 54855

Phone: +5934435460663

Job: Central Hospitality Director

Hobby: Yoga, Electronics, Rafting, Lockpicking, Inline skating, Puzzles, scrapbook

Introduction: My name is Clemencia Bogisich Ret, I am a super, outstanding, graceful, friendly, vast, comfortable, agreeable person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.